Water on Moon - Ours dreams are not far away!

Posted September 25th, 2009 by sasank

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Water on Moon found by Chandrayaan 1 of ISRO is confirmed by US space agency NASA. NASA scientists have revealed that India’s maiden lunar mission Chandrayaan-I had traced water molecules on the moon’s surface and thanked ISRO for making the discovery possible.

Chandrayaan 1 was India’s first unmanned lunar probe launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008. Chandrayaan operated until August 2009 and carried five Indian instruments and six from abroad, including M3 and another from NASA, three from the European Space Agency (ESA), and one from Bulgaria. M3 (short name for – Moon mineralogy mapper) is the instrument responsible for finding out traces of moon water.

Acording to the news - there may be a water cycle in which the molecules are broken down and reformulated over a two week cycle, which is the length of a lunar day. This does not constitute ice sheets or frozen lakes: the amounts of water in a given location on the Moon aren’t much more than what is found in a desert here on Earth. But there’s more water on the Moon than originally thought

The Moon was believed to extremely dry since the return of lunar samples from the Apollo and Luna programs. Many Apollo samples contain some trace water or minor hydrous minerals, but these have typically been attributed to terrestrial contamination since most of the boxes used to bring the Moon rocks to Earth leaked. This led the scientists to assume that the trace amounts of water they found came from Earth air that had entered the containers. The assumption remained that, outside of possible ice at the moon’s poles, there was no water on the moon.

Forty years later, an instrument on board the ill-fated Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M cubed) found that infrared light was being absorbed near the lunar poles at wavelengths consistent with hydroxyl- and water-bearing materials.

M3 analyzes the way that light from the sun reflects off the lunar surface to understand what materials comprise the lunar soil. Light is reflected in different wavelengths off of different minerals, and specifically, the instrument detected wavelengths of reflected light that would indicate a chemical bond between hydrogen and oxygen. Given water’s well-known chemical symbol, H2O, which represents two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom, this discovery was a source of great interest to the researchers.

The instrument can only see the very uppermost layers of the lunar soil – perhaps to a few centimeters below the surface. The scientists were looking for a signature of water in the craters near the poles, but found evidence for water instead on the sunlit portions of the moon. This was certainly unexpected and the science team from M3 looked and re-looked at their data for several months.

There are potentially two types of water on the moon: exogenic, meaning water from outside sources, such as comets striking the moon’s surface, and endogenic, meaning water that originates on the moon. The M3 research team, which includes Larry Taylor of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, suspect that the water they’re seeing in the moon’s surface is endogenic.

But where did the water come from?

The team from M3 believe it may have come from the solar wind.

As the sun undergoes nuclear fusion, it constantly emits a stream of particles, mostly protons, which are positively charged hydrogen atoms. On Earth, the atmosphere and magnetism prevent us from being bombarded by these protons, but the moon lacks that protection, meaning the oxygen-rich minerals and glasses on the surface of the moon are constantly pounded by hydrogen in the form of protons, moving at velocities of one-third the speed of light.

When those protons hit the lunar surface with enough force, suspects Taylor, they break apart oxygen bonds in soil materials, and where free oxygen and hydrogen are together, there’s a high chance that trace amounts of water will be formed. These traces are thought to be about a quart of water per ton of soil.

The studies indicate that the water molecules are present in tiny quantities in the top few millimetres of soil and rocks on the lunar surface. “We haven’t found water either in its liquid or ice form. We have detected only water molecules in extremely minute quantities in surface soil,” an Isro scientist said.

The mission scientists estimate that about 1,000kg of soil will yield about a litre of water. “This is fantastic. We’ve found something we never thought we would see,” said Lawrence Taylor, director of the Planetary Geosciences Institute at the University of Tennessee and member of the M3 team, who has studied hundreds of moon rocks brought back by the Apollo missions from 1969 to 1972.

Scientists say future research would be aimed at trying to understand better the water formation process and to determine whether the water molecules can accumulate near the poles where it is colder than at lower latitudes.

Harvesting water from the moon could significantly reduce the costs of long-term human activities on the moon. It takes $50,000 to carry a litre of water to the moon on a rocket.

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